How To Read a Pulse Oximeter

A pulse oximeter is a device that clips onto your finger and reads your heart rate as well as the percent of oxygen in your blood. It was developed as a way to detect hypoxia (a condition caused by insufficient oxygen). The hemoglobin in your blood bonds to oxygen and carries it through your circulatory system to your body's cells. A pulse oximeter works by emitting an infrared light that shines through your body's tissue to a photosensor on the other side. The infrared light is able to detect the amount of hemoglobin that is saturated with (or carrying) oxygen. The pulse oximeter will display a number that indicates the percent of hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen. A pulse oximeter reading (denoted by SpO2) in the high 90s (i.e. 96%-99%) is considered normal.

1. Clip the pulse oximeter on. The pulse oximeter must be clipped, like a clothespin, onto a part of your body where light can shine through the blood flowing through your arteries. This includes your finger (where the pulse oximeter is most commonly placed on adults), toe, earlobe or across the bridge of your nose.
2. Ensure the pulse oximeter is giving you an accurate reading. There are some scenarios that will result in the pulse oximeter providing either an inaccurate reading or no reading at all. A good way to determine whether the pulse oximeter is providing an accurate reading is to compare the pulse rate on the pulse oximeter to the pulse rate you get by taking the patient's pulse manually. If they do not correspond, they likelihood is that you are not getting an accurate reading form your pulse oximeter. Some common scenarios that result in an erroneous reading include:
   • Nail polish, if the pulse oximeter is clipped on a finger.
   • Excessive movement by the patient
   • Hypothermia or a cold injury to the extremities
   • Anemia (not enough iron in the blood)
   • Carbon monoxide poisoning
   • Certain types of seizures
   • Shock (hypoperfusion) associated with blood loss or poor perfusion
3. Remain still. As noted above, excessive movement can result in the pulse oximeter providing you with an inaccurate reading. Try to remain relatively still while the pulse oximeter is taking its reading.
4. Assess the results. A normal reading, for a person breathing room air, is in the high 90s. A reading of anywhere from 96% SpO2 through 99% SpO2 is typically not cause for alarm. A reading of 95% SpO2 or less could indicate hypoxia and should be investigated. An SpO2 reading of 90% or less indicates significant hypoxia and requires immediate action.

   Your pulse oximeter will also record your heart rate. Normal heart rates are as follows, depicted in beats per minute (bpm):

   • Elderly Person (75+): Normal - 90
   • Adult: Normal - 60-80 / Rapid - 100+ / Slow - below 60
   • Adolescent: Normal - 60-105 / Rapid - 105+ / Slow - below 50
   • Child (5-12 years): Normal - 60-120 / Rapid - 120+ / Slow - below 60
   • Child (1-5 years): Normal - 80-150 / Rapid - 150+ / Slow below 80
   • Infant: Normal - 120-150 / Rapid - 150+ / Slow - below 120